Therefore, it is recommended that current or former smokers and workers exposed to asbestos do not use high-dose beta-carotene and retinyl palmitate supplements. In fact, two of those three trials actually found a significant increase in lung cancer risk among study participants taking supplements with beta-carotene or retinyl palmitate (a form of vitamin A). However, three large clinical trials did not find that supplements of beta-carotene and vitamin A helped to prevent or reduce lung cancer risk. Lung Cancer: Observational studies following nonsmokers and current or former smokers have found that higher intakes of carotenoids from fruits and vegetables are associated with a lower risk of lung cancer. The evidence suggests that eating a variety of foods rich in vitamin A, especially fruits and vegetables, is protective from certain diseases, though the health benefit of vitamin A supplements is less clear. The UL for vitamin A from retinol is 3,000 micrograms of preformed vitamin A. UL: The Tolerable Upper Intake Level is the maximum daily intake unlikely to cause harmful effects on health.RDA: The Recommended Dietary Allowance for adults 19 years and older is 900 mcg RAE for men (equivalent to 3,000 IU) and 700 mcg RAE for women (equivalent to 2,333 IU).Under the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) new food and dietary supplement labeling regulations, as of July 2018 large companies will no longer list vitamin A as IU but as “mcg RAE.” However, the Institute of Medicine lists the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) of vitamin A in micrograms (mcg) of retinol activity equivalents (RAE) to account for different absorption rates of preformed vitamin A and provitamin A carotenoids. Vitamin A is currently listed on the Nutrition Facts label measured in international units (IU). There are other types of carotenoids found in food that are not converted to vitamin A but have health-promoting properties these include lycopene, lutein, and zeaxanthin. Carotenoids are found naturally in plant foods. Preformed vitamin A comes from animal products, fortified foods, and vitamin supplements. The two main forms of vitamin A in the human diet are preformed vitamin A (retinol, retinyl esters), and provitamin A carotenoids such as alpha-carotene and beta-carotene that are converted to retinol. Vitamin A also stimulates the production and activity of white blood cells, takes part in remodeling bone, helps maintain healthy endothelial cells (those lining the body’s interior surfaces), and regulates cell growth and division such as needed for reproduction. Vitamin A can’t give you superpowers of night vision or cure your dependence on contact lenses, but eating an adequate amount will support eye health. A carrot’s main nutrient, beta-carotene (responsible for this root vegetable’s characteristic orange color), is a precursor to vitamin A and helps your eyes to adjust in dim conditions. "DIM slows down the conversion of testosterone into estrogen, so you'll have fewer symptoms of estrogen dominance.It’s only a semi-myth that eating carrots will help you see in the dark. "Too much estrogen can lead to irregular, heavy periods, weight gain, problems sleeping, fatigue, depression or irritability, and a low libido," says Cheung. Helps mitigate estrogen dominance: Cheung notes that estrogen dominance can result from poor liver detoxification or obesity, as fat tissue will metabolize testosterone into estrogen. External factors such as birth control, excess meat and dairy, plastics, and other toxins may also contribute to estrogen dominance and resulting symptoms."Since DIM balances estrogen metabolism and receptor activity, and stimulates cellular detoxification, it may help support the prevention of various cancers, including breast, uterine, cervical, and prostate cancers," says Cheung.
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